1) Further investigation of conflict escalation: I plan to examine more organizational factors, conducting i) a case study of workplaces experiencing non-strike industrial actions, to explicate mechanisms undergirding conflict escalations and ii) cross-country studies based on workplace survey data from Korea, Canada, the UK and the US to test boundary conditions for the application of theory. 2) Pluralism in Employment Arrangement: My dissertation examined organizational pluralism stemming from coexistence of multiple occupational groups. I plan to explore another important and growing aspect of pluralism, that is, heterogeneity in employment arrangement. I have already conducted another set of interviews with freelancer writers, camera staff and independent producers, who work for broadcasting networks on a project basis and, thus, manage their career development through lateral inter-organizational mobility. I am interested in the potential linkage between their precarious organizational membership and sensemaking of collective action. 3) Employee Voice and Non-Union Employee Representation (NER): NER has proliferated in recent years, providing a wider variety of collective voice channels either for the entire or a significant portion of the workforce. Among the diverse instances of NER, little is known about the alternative forms of in-house collective entities such as professional employee associations, and diversity networks which may engage in an active dialogue with management to deal with issues outside the areas covered by collective bargaining. My future research will focus on their role in the process of conflict escalation from individual to collective forms of conflict manifestation.